This paper has been prepared by researchers within the UPGro (Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor) Programme, along with colleagues from the International Association of Hydrogeologists, Africa Groundwater Network, and GRIPP. It is intended as a working paper, presenting a summary of our current understanding of groundwater in Africa along with four themes: (1) urban water security, (2) socially inclusive and sustainable rural water services, (3) groundwater for agricultural growth and transformation, and (4) groundwater resources and renewability.